Problem Frames Approach

A problem frame is a description of a recognizable class of problems, where the class of problems has a known solution. In a sense, problem frames are problem patterns. The following problem frames have been identified so far:

• Required Behavior: There is some part of the physical world whose behavior is to be controlled so that it satisfies certain conditions. The problem is to build machine that will impose that control.
• Commanded Behavior: There is some part of the physical world whose behavior is to be controlled in accordance with the commands issued by an operator. The problem is to build a machine that will accept the operator's command and impose the control accordingly.
• Information Display: There is some part of the physical world about whose states and behavior certain information is continually needed. The problem is to build a machine that will obtain this information from the world and present it to the required place in the required form.
• Simple Workpieces: A tool is needed to allow a user to create and edit certain class of computer processable text or graphic objects, or similar structures, so that they can be subsequently copied, printed, analyzed, or used in other ways. The problem is to build a machine that can act as this tool.
• Transformation: There are given data which must be transformed to give certain required output. The output data must be in a particular format and it must be derived from the input data according to certain rules. The problem is to build a machine that will produce the required outputs from the inputs.

The type of artefacts involved in Software Development process:

• The Domain Knowledge that provides presumed environment facts.
• The User Requirements that indicate what the customer needs from the system, described in terms of its effect on the environment.
• The Specifications that provide enough information for a programmer to build a system that satisfies the requirements. Specifications are defined in terms of the phenomena that are shared between the Environment and the System.
• A Program that implements the specification using the programming platform.
• A Programming Platform that provides the basis for programming a system that satisfies the requirements and specifications

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